

/**
 * Encodes and decodes to and from Base64 notation.
 *
 * <p>
 * Change Log:
 * </p>
 * <ul>
 *  <li>v1.4 - Added helper methods to read/write files.</li>
 *  <li>v1.3.6 - Fixed OutputStream.flush() so that 'position' is reset.</li>
 *  <li>v1.3.5 - Added flag to turn on and off line breaks. Fixed bug in input stream
 *      where last buffer being read, if not completely full, was not returned.</li>
 *  <li>v1.3.4 - Fixed when "improperly padded stream" error was thrown at the wrong time.</li>
 *  <li>v1.3.3 - Fixed I/O streams which were totally messed up.</li>
 * </ul>
 *
 * <p>
 * I am placing this code in the Public Domain. Do with it as you will.
 * This software comes with no guarantees or warranties but with
 * plenty of well-wishing instead!
 * Please visit <a href="http://iharder.net/xmlizable">http://iharder.net/xmlizable</a>
 * periodically to check for updates or to contribute improvements.
 * </p>
 *
 * @author Robert Harder
 * @author rob@iharder.net
 * @version 1.4
 */
public class Base64
{
    
    /** Specify encoding (value is <tt>true</tt>). */
    public final static boolean ENCODE = true;
    
    
    /** Specify decoding (value is <tt>false</tt>). */
    public final static boolean DECODE = false;
    
    
    /** Maximum line length (76) of Base64 output. */
    private final static int MAX_LINE_LENGTH = 76;
    
    
    /** The equals sign (=) as a byte. */
    private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN = (byte)'=';
    
    
    /** The new line character (\n) as a byte. */
    private final static byte NEW_LINE = (byte)'\n';
    
    
    /** The 64 valid Base64 values. */
    private final static byte[] ALPHABET =
    {
        (byte)'A', (byte)'B', (byte)'C', (byte)'D', (byte)'E', (byte)'F', (byte)'G',
        (byte)'H', (byte)'I', (byte)'J', (byte)'K', (byte)'L', (byte)'M', (byte)'N',
        (byte)'O', (byte)'P', (byte)'Q', (byte)'R', (byte)'S', (byte)'T', (byte)'U', 
        (byte)'V', (byte)'W', (byte)'X', (byte)'Y', (byte)'Z',
        (byte)'a', (byte)'b', (byte)'c', (byte)'d', (byte)'e', (byte)'f', (byte)'g',
        (byte)'h', (byte)'i', (byte)'j', (byte)'k', (byte)'l', (byte)'m', (byte)'n',
        (byte)'o', (byte)'p', (byte)'q', (byte)'r', (byte)'s', (byte)'t', (byte)'u', 
        (byte)'v', (byte)'w', (byte)'x', (byte)'y', (byte)'z',
        (byte)'0', (byte)'1', (byte)'2', (byte)'3', (byte)'4', (byte)'5', 
        (byte)'6', (byte)'7', (byte)'8', (byte)'9', (byte)'+', (byte)'/'
    };
    
    /** 
     * Translates a Base64 value to either its 6-bit reconstruction value
     * or a negative number indicating some other meaning.
     **/
    private final static byte[] DECODABET =
    {   
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                 // Decimal  0 -  8
        -5,-5,                                      // Whitespace: Tab and Linefeed
        -9,-9,                                      // Decimal 11 - 12
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Carriage Return
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 14 - 26
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                             // Decimal 27 - 31
        -5,                                         // Whitespace: Space
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,              // Decimal 33 - 42
        62,                                         // Plus sign at decimal 43
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 44 - 46
        63,                                         // Slash at decimal 47
        52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,              // Numbers zero through nine
        -9,-9,-9,                                   // Decimal 58 - 60
        -1,                                         // Equals sign at decimal 61
        -9,-9,-9,                                      // Decimal 62 - 64
        0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,            // Letters 'A' through 'N'
        14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,        // Letters 'O' through 'Z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,                          // Decimal 91 - 96
        26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,     // Letters 'a' through 'm'
        39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,     // Letters 'n' through 'z'
        -9,-9,-9,-9                                 // Decimal 123 - 126
        /*,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 127 - 139
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 140 - 152
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 153 - 165
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 166 - 178
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 179 - 191
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 192 - 204
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 205 - 217
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 218 - 230
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,     // Decimal 231 - 243
        -9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9,-9         // Decimal 244 - 255 */
    };
    
    private final static byte BAD_ENCODING    = -9; // Indicates error in encoding
    private final static byte WHITE_SPACE_ENC = -5; // Indicates white space in encoding
    private final static byte EQUALS_SIGN_ENC = -1; // Indicates equals sign in encoding

    
    /** Defeats instantiation. */
    private Base64(){}
    
    
    
    /**
     * Testing. Feel free--in fact I encourage you--to throw out 
     * this entire "main" method when you actually deploy this code.
     */
    public static void main( String[] args )
    {
        try
        {
            // Test encoding/decoding byte arrays
            {
                byte[] bytes1 = { (byte)2,(byte)2,(byte)3,(byte)0,(byte)9 }; // My zip code
                byte[] bytes2 = { (byte)99,(byte)2,(byte)2,(byte)3,(byte)0,(byte)9 };
                System.out.println( "Bytes 2,2,3,0,9 as Base64: " + encodeBytes( bytes1 ) );
                System.out.println( "Bytes 2,2,3,0,9 w/ offset: " + encodeBytes( bytes2, 1, bytes2.length-1 ) );
                byte[] dbytes = decode( encodeBytes( bytes1 ) );
                System.out.print( encodeBytes( bytes1 ) + " decoded: " );
                for( int i = 0; i < dbytes.length; i++ )
                    System.out.print( dbytes[i] + (i<dbytes.length-1?",":"\n") );
            }   // end testing byte arrays
            
            
            
            
            // Test Input Stream
            {
                
                // Read GIF stored in base64 form.
                java.io.FileInputStream fis = null;//new java.io.FileInputStream( "test.gif.b64" );
                Base64.InputStream b64is = null;//new Base64.InputStream( fis, DECODE );

                byte[] bytes = new byte[0];
                int b = -1;
                /*
                while( (b = b64is.read()) >= 0 ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ bytes.length + 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( bytes,0, temp,0,bytes.length );
                    temp[bytes.length] = (byte)b;
                    bytes = temp;
                }   // end while: terribly inefficient way to read data
                b64is.close();
                */
                bytes = Base64.readFile( "test.gif.b64", false );
                javax.swing.ImageIcon iicon = new javax.swing.ImageIcon( bytes );
                javax.swing.JLabel jlabel = new javax.swing.JLabel( "Read from test.gif.b64", iicon,0 );
                javax.swing.JFrame jframe = new javax.swing.JFrame();
                jframe.getContentPane().add( jlabel );
                jframe.pack();
                jframe.show();

                // Write raw bytes to file
                java.io.FileOutputStream fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream( "test.gif_out" );
                fos.write( bytes );
                fos.close();
                
                
                // Read raw bytes and encode
                fis = new java.io.FileInputStream( "test.gif_out" );
                b64is = new Base64.InputStream( fis, ENCODE );
                byte[] ebytes = new byte[0];
                b = -1;
                while( (b = b64is.read()) >= 0 ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ ebytes.length + 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( ebytes,0, temp,0,ebytes.length );
                    temp[ebytes.length] = (byte)b;
                    ebytes = temp;
                }   // end while: terribly inefficient way to read data
                b64is.close();
                String s = new String( ebytes );
                javax.swing.JTextArea jta = new javax.swing.JTextArea( s );
                javax.swing.JScrollPane jsp = new javax.swing.JScrollPane( jta );
                jframe = new javax.swing.JFrame();
                jframe.setTitle( "Read from test.gif_out" );
                jframe.getContentPane().add( jsp );
                jframe.pack();
                jframe.show();

                // Write encoded bytes to file
                fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream( "test.gif.b64_out" );
                fos.write( ebytes );

                // Read GIF stored in base64 form.
                fis = new java.io.FileInputStream( "test.gif.b64_out" );
                b64is = new Base64.InputStream( fis, DECODE );
                byte[] edbytes = new byte[0]; 
                b = -1;
                while( (b = b64is.read()) >= 0 ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ edbytes.length + 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( edbytes,0, temp,0,edbytes.length );
                    temp[edbytes.length] = (byte)b;
                    edbytes = temp;
                }   // end while: terribly inefficient way to read data
                b64is.close();
                iicon = new javax.swing.ImageIcon( edbytes );
                jlabel = new javax.swing.JLabel( "Read from test.gif.b64_out", iicon,0 );
                jframe = new javax.swing.JFrame();
                jframe.getContentPane().add( jlabel );
                jframe.pack();
                jframe.show();
            }   // end: Test Input Stream
            
            
            // Test Output Stream
            {
                // Read raw bytes
                java.io.FileInputStream fis = new java.io.FileInputStream( "test.gif_out" );
                byte[] rbytes = new byte[0];
                int b = -1;
                while( (b = fis.read()) >= 0 ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ rbytes.length + 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( rbytes,0, temp,0,rbytes.length );
                    temp[rbytes.length] = (byte)b;
                    rbytes = temp;
                }   // end while: terribly inefficient way to read data
                fis.close();
                
                // Write raw bytes to encoded file
                
                java.io.FileOutputStream fos = null;//new java.io.FileOutputStream("test.gif.b64_out2");
                Base64.OutputStream b64os = null;//new Base64.OutputStream( fos, ENCODE );
                //b64os.write( rbytes );
                //b64os.close();
                Base64.writeFile( rbytes, "test.gif.b64", ENCODE );
                
                // Read raw bytes that are actually encoded (but we'll ignore that)
                fis = new java.io.FileInputStream( "test.gif.b64_out2" );
                byte[] rebytes = new byte[0];
                b = -1;
                while( (b = fis.read()) >= 0 ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ rebytes.length + 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( rebytes,0, temp,0,rebytes.length );
                    temp[rebytes.length] = (byte)b;
                    rebytes = temp;
                }   // end while: terribly inefficient way to read data
                fis.close();
                String s = new String( rebytes );
                javax.swing.JTextArea jta = new javax.swing.JTextArea( s );
                javax.swing.JScrollPane jsp = new javax.swing.JScrollPane( jta );
                javax.swing.JFrame jframe = new javax.swing.JFrame();
                jframe.setTitle( "Read from test.gif.b64_out2" );
                jframe.getContentPane().add( jsp );
                jframe.pack();
                jframe.show();
               
                // Write encoded bytes to decoded raw file
                fos = new java.io.FileOutputStream("test.gif_out2");
                b64os = new Base64.OutputStream( fos, DECODE );
                b64os.write( rebytes );
                b64os.close();
                javax.swing.ImageIcon iicon = new javax.swing.ImageIcon( "test.gif_out2" );
                javax.swing.JLabel jlabel = new javax.swing.JLabel( "Read from test.gif_out2", iicon,0 );
                jframe = new javax.swing.JFrame();
                jframe.getContentPane().add( jlabel );
                jframe.pack();
                jframe.show();
               
            }   // end: Test Output Stream
            
            
            
        }   // end try
        catch( Exception e)
        {   e.printStackTrace();
        }
    }   // end main
    
    
/* ********  E N C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */    
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
     * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
     *
     * @param threeBytes the array to convert
     * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static byte[] encode3to4( byte[] threeBytes )
    {   return encode3to4( threeBytes, 3 );
    }   // end encodeToBytes
    
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes up to the first three bytes of array <var>threeBytes</var>
     * and returns a four-byte array in Base64 notation.
     * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
     * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
     * The array <var>threeBytes</var> needs only be as big as
     * <var>numSigBytes</var>.
     *
     * @param threeBytes the array to convert
     * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
     * @return four byte array in Base64 notation.
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static byte[] encode3to4( byte[] threeBytes, int numSigBytes )
    {   byte[] dest = new byte[4];
        encode3to4( threeBytes, 0, numSigBytes, dest, 0 );
        return dest;
    }
    
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes up to three bytes of the array <var>source</var>
     * and writes the resulting four Base64 bytes to <var>destination</var>.
     * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
     * anywhere along their length by specifying 
     * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
     * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
     * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 3 for
     * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 4 for
     * the <var>destination</var> array.
     * The actual number of significant bytes in your array is
     * given by <var>numSigBytes</var>.
     *
     * @param source the array to convert
     * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
     * @param numSigBytes the number of significant bytes in your array
     * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
     * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
     * @return the <var>destination</var> array
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static byte[] encode3to4( 
     byte[] source, int srcOffset, int numSigBytes,
     byte[] destination, int destOffset )
    {
        //           1         2         3  
        // 01234567890123456789012345678901 Bit position
        // --------000000001111111122222222 Array position from threeBytes
        // --------|    ||    ||    ||    | Six bit groups to index ALPHABET
        //          >>18  >>12  >> 6  >> 0  Right shift necessary
        //                0x3f  0x3f  0x3f  Additional AND
        
        // Create buffer with zero-padding if there are only one or two
        // significant bytes passed in the array.
        // We have to shift left 24 in order to flush out the 1's that appear
        // when Java treats a value as negative that is cast from a byte to an int.
        int inBuff =   ( numSigBytes > 0 ? ((source[ srcOffset     ] << 24) >>>  8) : 0 )
                     | ( numSigBytes > 1 ? ((source[ srcOffset + 1 ] << 24) >>> 16) : 0 )
                     | ( numSigBytes > 2 ? ((source[ srcOffset + 2 ] << 24) >>> 24) : 0 );

        switch( numSigBytes )
        {
            case 3:
                destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>>  6) & 0x3f ];
                destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff       ) & 0x3f ];
                return destination;
                
            case 2:
                destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>>  6) & 0x3f ];
                destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                return destination;
                
            case 1:
                destination[ destOffset     ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 18)        ];
                destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = ALPHABET[ (inBuff >>> 12) & 0x3f ];
                destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                destination[ destOffset + 3 ] = EQUALS_SIGN;
                return destination;
                
            default:
                return destination;
        }   // end switch
    }   // end encode3to4
    
    /**
     * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
     * version of that serialized object. If the object
     * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
     * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
     *
     * @param serializableObject The object to encode
     * @return The Base64-encoded object
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeObject( java.io.Serializable serializableObject )
    {
        return encodeObject( serializableObject, true );
    }   // end encodeObject
    
    /**
     * Serializes an object and returns the Base64-encoded
     * version of that serialized object. If the object
     * cannot be serialized or there is another error,
     * the method will return <tt>null</tt>.
     *
     * @param serializableObject The object to encode
     * @param breakLines Break lines at 80 characters or less.
     * @return The Base64-encoded object
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeObject( java.io.Serializable serializableObject, boolean breakLines )
    {
        java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream baos  = null; 
        java.io.OutputStream          b64os = null; 
        java.io.ObjectOutputStream    oos   = null; 
        
        try
        {
            baos  = new java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream();
            b64os = new Base64.OutputStream( baos, Base64.ENCODE, breakLines );
            oos   = new java.io.ObjectOutputStream( b64os );
            
            oos.writeObject( serializableObject );
        }   // end try
        catch( java.io.IOException e )
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }   // end catch
        finally
        {
            try{ oos.close();   } catch( Exception e ){}
            try{ b64os.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
            try{ baos.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
        }   // end finally
        
        return new String( baos.toByteArray() );
    }   // end encode
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * Equivalen to calling
     * <code>encodeBytes( source, 0, source.length )</code>
     *
     * @param source The data to convert
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source )
    {
        return encodeBytes( source, true );
    }   // end encodeBytes
    
    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     * Equivalen to calling
     * <code>encodeBytes( source, 0, source.length )</code>
     *
     * @param source The data to convert
     * @param breakLines Break lines at 80 characters or less.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, boolean breakLines )
    {   
        return encodeBytes( source, 0, source.length, breakLines );
    }   // end encodeBytes
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     *
     * @param source The data to convert
     * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
     * @param len Length of data to convert
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, int off, int len )
    {
        return encodeBytes( source, off, len, true );
    }   // end encodeBytes
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes a byte array into Base64 notation.
     *
     * @param source The data to convert
     * @param off Offset in array where conversion should begin
     * @param len Length of data to convert
     * @param breakLines Break lines at 80 characters or less.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeBytes( byte[] source, int off, int len, boolean breakLines )
    {
        int    len43   = len * 4 / 3;
        byte[] outBuff = new byte[   ( len43 )                      // Main 4:3
                                   + ( (len % 3) > 0 ? 4 : 0 )      // Account for padding
                                   + (breakLines ? ( len43 / MAX_LINE_LENGTH ) : 0) ]; // New lines      
        int d = 0;
        int e = 0;
        int len2 = len - 2;
        int lineLength = 0;
        for( ; d < len2; d+=3, e+=4 )
        {
            encode3to4( source, d+off, 3, outBuff, e );
            
            lineLength += 4;
            if( breakLines && lineLength == MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
            {   
                outBuff[e+4] = NEW_LINE;
                e++;
                lineLength = 0;
            }   // end if: end of line
        }   // en dfor: each piece of array
        
        if( d < len )
        {
            encode3to4( source, d+off, len - d, outBuff, e );
            e += 4;
        }   // end if: some padding needed
        
        return new String( outBuff, 0, e );
    }   // end encodeBytes
    
    
    /**
     * Encodes a string in Base64 notation with line breaks
     * after every 75 Base64 characters.
     * Of course you probably only need to encode a string
     * if there are non-ASCII characters in it such as many
     * non-English languages.
     *
     * @param s the string to encode
     * @return the encoded string
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static String encodeString( String s )
    {
        return encodeString( s, true );
    }   // end encodeString
    
    /**
     * Encodes a string in Base64 notation with line breaks
     * after every 75 Base64 characters.
     * Of course you probably only need to encode a string
     * if there are non-ASCII characters in it such as many
     * non-English languages.
     *
     * @param s the string to encode
     * @param breakLines Break lines at 80 characters or less.
     * @return the encoded string
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static String encodeString( String s, boolean breakLines )
    {   
        return encodeBytes( s.getBytes(), breakLines );
    }   // end encodeString
    
    
    
    /**
     * Reads a file and either encodes or decodes it.
     *
     * @param file The file to read
     * @param encode Whether or not to encode file as it is read.
     * @return The encoded/decoded file or <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] readFile( String file, boolean encode )
    {
        return readFile( new java.io.File( file ), encode );
    }   // end readFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Reads a file and either encodes or decodes it.
     *
     * @param file The file to read
     * @param encode Whether or not to encode file as it is read.
     * @return The encoded/decoded file or <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] readFile( java.io.File file, boolean encode )
    {
        byte[] data            = new byte[100];
        byte[] returnValue     = null;
        int    nextIndex       = 0;
        int    b               = -1;
        Base64.InputStream bis = null;
        
        try{
            bis = new Base64.InputStream(
                  new java.io.BufferedInputStream(
                  new java.io.FileInputStream( file ) ), encode );
                  
            while( (b = bis.read()) >= 0 ){
                
                // Resize array?
                if( nextIndex >= data.length ){
                    byte[] temp = new byte[ data.length << 1 ];
                    System.arraycopy( data,0, temp,0,data.length );
                    data = temp;
                }   // end if: resize array
                
                data[ nextIndex++ ] = (byte)b;
                
            }   // end while: each byte
            
            returnValue = new byte[ nextIndex ];
            System.arraycopy( data,0, returnValue,0,nextIndex );
        
        }   // end try
        catch( java.io.IOException e ){
            returnValue = null;
        }   // end catch
        finally{
            try{ bis.close(); }catch( Exception e ){}
        }   // end finally
        
        return returnValue;
    }   // end readFile
    
    
    /**
     * Writes a byte array to a file either encoding
     * it or decoding it as specified.
     *
     * @param data The array to write to a file.
     * @param file The file to write to.
     * @param encode Whether or not to encode the data.
     * @return Whether or not the write was a success.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static boolean writeFile( byte[] data, String file, boolean encode )
    {
        return writeFile( data, 0, data.length, new java.io.File( file ), encode );
    }   // end writeFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Writes a byte array to a file either encoding
     * it or decoding it as specified.
     *
     * @param data The array to write to a file.
     * @param file The file to write to.
     * @param encode Whether or not to encode the data.
     * @return Whether or not the write was a success.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static boolean writeFile( byte[] data, java.io.File file, boolean encode )
    {
        return writeFile( data, 0, data.length, file, encode );
    }   // end writeFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Writes a byte array to a file either encoding
     * it or decoding it as specified.
     *
     * @param data The array to write to a file.
     * @param offset The offset where the "real" data begins.
     * @param length The amount of data to write.
     * @param file The file to write to.
     * @param encode Whether or not to encode the data.
     * @return Whether or not the write was a success.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static boolean writeFile( byte[] data, int offset, int length, java.io.File file, boolean encode )
    {
        Base64.OutputStream bos = null;
        boolean success = false;
        
        try{
            bos = new Base64.OutputStream(
                  new java.io.BufferedOutputStream(
                  new java.io.FileOutputStream( file ) ), encode );
            
            bos.write( data, offset, length );
            success = true;
            
        }   // end try
        catch( java.io.IOException e ){
            success = false;
        }   // end catch
        finally{
            try{ bos.close(); }catch( Exception e ){}
        }   // end finally
        
        return success;
    }   // end writeFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Simple helper method that Base64-encodes a file
     * and returns the encoded string or <tt>null</tt>
     * if there was an error.
     *
     * @param rawfile The file to read
     * @return The encoded file or <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String encodeFromFile( String rawfile )
    {
        byte[] ebytes = readFile( rawfile, ENCODE );
        
        return ebytes == null ? null : new String( ebytes );
    }   // end encodeFromFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Simple helper method that Base64-decodes a file
     * and returns the decoded data or <tt>null</tt>
     * if there was an error.
     *
     * @param encfile The file to read
     * @return The decoded file or <tt>null</tt> if there was an error.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] decodeFromFile( String encfile )
    {
        return readFile( encfile, DECODE );
    }   // end encodeFromFile
    
    
    
    
    /**
     * Simple helper method that Base64-encodes data to a file.
     *
     * @param rawdata The data to write.
     * @param file The file to read.
     * @return Whether or not the write was a success.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static boolean encodeToFile( byte[] rawdata, String file )
    {
        return writeFile( rawdata, file, ENCODE );
    }   // end encodeFromFile
    
    
    
    /**
     * Simple helper method that Base64-decodes data to a file.
     *
     * @param encdata The data to write.
     * @param file The file to read.
     * @return Whether or not the write was a success.
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static boolean decodeToFile( byte[] encdata, String file )
    {
        return writeFile( encdata, file, DECODE );
    }   // end encodeFromFile
    
    
    
    
/* ********  D E C O D I N G   M E T H O D S  ******** */
    
    
    /**
     * Decodes the first four bytes of array <var>fourBytes</var>
     * and returns an array up to three bytes long with the
     * decoded values.
     *
     * @param fourBytes the array with Base64 content
     * @return array with decoded values
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static byte[] decode4to3( byte[] fourBytes )
    {
        byte[] outBuff1 = new byte[3];
        int    count    = decode4to3( fourBytes, 0, outBuff1, 0 );
        byte[] outBuff2 = new byte[ count ];
        
        for( int i = 0; i < count; i++ )
            outBuff2[i] = outBuff1[i];
        
        return outBuff2;
    }
    
    
    
    
    /**
     * Decodes four bytes from array <var>source</var>
     * and writes the resulting bytes (up to three of them)
     * to <var>destination</var>.
     * The source and destination arrays can be manipulated
     * anywhere along their length by specifying 
     * <var>srcOffset</var> and <var>destOffset</var>.
     * This method does not check to make sure your arrays
     * are large enough to accomodate <var>srcOffset</var> + 4 for
     * the <var>source</var> array or <var>destOffset</var> + 3 for
     * the <var>destination</var> array.
     * This method returns the actual number of bytes that 
     * were converted from the Base64 encoding.
     * 
     *
     * @param source the array to convert
     * @param srcOffset the index where conversion begins
     * @param destination the array to hold the conversion
     * @param destOffset the index where output will be put
     * @return the number of decoded bytes converted
     * @since 1.3
     */
    private static int decode4to3( byte[] source, int srcOffset, byte[] destination, int destOffset )
    {
        // Example: Dk==
        if( source[ srcOffset + 2] == EQUALS_SIGN )
        {
            // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
            //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 );
            int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset    ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 );
            
            destination[ destOffset ] = (byte)( outBuff >>> 16 );
            return 1;
        }
        
        // Example: DkL=
        else if( source[ srcOffset + 3 ] == EQUALS_SIGN )
        {
            // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
            //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 );
            int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 )
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] & 0xFF ) <<  6 );
            
            destination[ destOffset     ] = (byte)( outBuff >>> 16 );
            destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = (byte)( outBuff >>>  8 );
            return 2;
        }
        
        // Example: DkLE
        else
        {
            try{
            // Two ways to do the same thing. Don't know which way I like best.
            //int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] << 24 ) >>>  6 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 12 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 18 )
            //              | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] << 24 ) >>> 24 );
            int outBuff =   ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ] & 0xFF ) << 18 )
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ] & 0xFF ) << 12 )
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ] & 0xFF ) <<  6)
                          | ( ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ] & 0xFF )      );

            
            destination[ destOffset     ] = (byte)( outBuff >> 16 );
            destination[ destOffset + 1 ] = (byte)( outBuff >>  8 );
            destination[ destOffset + 2 ] = (byte)( outBuff       );

            return 3;
            }catch( Exception e){
                System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset]+ ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset     ] ]  ) );
                System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+1]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 1 ] ]  ) );
                System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+2]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 2 ] ]  ) );
                System.out.println(""+source[srcOffset+3]+  ": " + ( DECODABET[ source[ srcOffset + 3 ] ]  ) );
                return -1;
            }   //e nd catch
        }
    }   // end decodeToBytes
    
    
    
    /**
     * Decodes data from Base64 notation.
     *
     * @param s the string to decode
     * @return the decoded data
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static byte[] decode( String s )
    {   
        byte[] bytes = s.getBytes();
        return decode( bytes, 0, bytes.length );
    }   // end decode
    
    
    /**
     * Decodes data from Base64 notation and
     * returns it as a string.
     * Equivlaent to calling
     * <code>new String( decode( s ) )</code>
     *
     * @param s the strind to decode
     * @return The data as a string
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static String decodeToString( String s )
    {   return new String( decode( s ) );
    }   // end decodeToString
    
    
    /**
     * Attempts to decode Base64 data and deserialize a Java
     * Object within. Returns <tt>null if there was an error.
     *
     * @param encodedObject The Base64 data to decode
     * @return The decoded and deserialized object
     * @since 1.4
     */
    public static Object decodeToObject( String encodedObject )
    {
        byte[] objBytes = decode( encodedObject );
        
        java.io.ByteArrayInputStream bais = null;
        java.io.ObjectInputStream    ois  = null;
        
        try
        {
            bais = new java.io.ByteArrayInputStream( objBytes );
            ois  = new java.io.ObjectInputStream( bais );
        
            return ois.readObject();
        }   // end try
        catch( java.io.IOException e )
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }   // end catch
        catch( java.lang.ClassNotFoundException e )
        {
            e.printStackTrace();
            return null;
        }   // end catch
        finally
        {
            try{ bais.close(); } catch( Exception e ){}
            try{ ois.close();  } catch( Exception e ){}
        }   // end finally
    }   // end decodeObject
    
    
    /**
     * Decodes Base64 content in byte array format and returns
     * the decoded byte array.
     *
     * @param source The Base64 encoded data
     * @param off    The offset of where to begin decoding
     * @param len    The length of characters to decode
     * @return decoded data
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static byte[] decode( byte[] source, int off, int len )
    {
        int    len34   = len * 3 / 4;
        byte[] outBuff = new byte[ len34 ]; // Upper limit on size of output
        int    outBuffPosn = 0;
        
        byte[] b4        = new byte[4];
        int    b4Posn    = 0;
        int    i         = 0;
        byte   sbiCrop   = 0;
        byte   sbiDecode = 0;
        for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
        {
            sbiCrop = (byte)(source[i] & 0x7f); // Only the low seven bits
            sbiDecode = DECODABET[ sbiCrop ];
            
            if( sbiDecode >= WHITE_SPACE_ENC ) // White space, Equals sign or better
            {
                if( sbiDecode >= EQUALS_SIGN_ENC )
                {
                    b4[ b4Posn++ ] = sbiCrop;
                    if( b4Posn > 3 )
                    {
                        outBuffPosn += decode4to3( b4, 0, outBuff, outBuffPosn );
                        b4Posn = 0;
                        
                        // If that was the equals sign, break out of 'for' loop
                        if( sbiCrop == EQUALS_SIGN )
                            break;
                    }   // end if: quartet built
                    
                }   // end if: equals sign or better
                
            }   // end if: white space, equals sign or better
            else
            {
                System.err.println( "Bad Base64 input character at " + i + ": " + source[i] + "(decimal)" );
                return null;
            }   // end else: 
        }   // each input character
                                   
        byte[] out = new byte[ outBuffPosn ];
        System.arraycopy( outBuff, 0, out, 0, outBuffPosn ); 
        return out;
    }   // end decode
    
    
    
    
    /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   I N P U T S T R E A M  ******** */
    
    
    
    /**
     * A {@link Base64#InputStream} will read data from another
     * {@link java.io.InputStream}, given in the constructor,
     * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
     *
     * @see Base64
     * @see java.io.FilterInputStream
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static class InputStream extends java.io.FilterInputStream
    {
        private boolean encode;         // Encoding or decoding
        private int     position;       // Current position in the buffer
        private byte[]  buffer;         // Small buffer holding converted data
        private int     bufferLength;   // Length of buffer (3 or 4)
        private int     numSigBytes;    // Number of meaningful bytes in the buffer
        private int     lineLength;
        private boolean breakLines;     // Break lines at less than 80 characters
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#InputStream} in DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param in the {@link java.io.InputStream} from which to read data.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public InputStream( java.io.InputStream in )
        {   
            this( in, Base64.DECODE );
        }   // end constructor
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#InputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param in the {@link java.io.InputStream} from which to read data.
         * @param encode Conversion direction
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public InputStream( java.io.InputStream in, boolean encode )
        {
            this( in, encode, true );
        }   // end constructor
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#InputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param in the {@link java.io.InputStream} from which to read data.
         * @param encode Conversion direction
         * @param breakLines Break lines at less than 80 characters.
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public InputStream( java.io.InputStream in, boolean encode, boolean breakLines )
        {   
            super( in );
            this.breakLines = breakLines;
            this.encode = encode;
            this.bufferLength = encode ? 4 : 3;
            this.buffer   = new byte[ bufferLength ];
            this.position = -1;
            this.lineLength = 0;
        }   // end constructor
        
        /**
         * Reads enough of the input stream to convert
         * to/from Base64 and returns the next byte.
         *
         * @return next byte
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public int read() throws java.io.IOException 
        { 
            // Do we need to get data?
            if( position < 0 )
            {
                if( encode )
                {
                    byte[] b3 = new byte[3];
                    int numBinaryBytes = 0;
                    for( int i = 0; i < 3; i++ )
                    {
                        try
                        { 
                            int b = in.read();
                            
                            // If end of stream, b is -1.
                            if( b >= 0 )
                            {
                                b3[i] = (byte)b;
                                numBinaryBytes++;
                            }   // end if: not end of stream
                            
                        }   // end try: read
                        catch( java.io.IOException e )
                        {   
                            // Only a problem if we got no data at all.
                            if( i == 0 )
                                throw e;
                            
                        }   // end catch
                    }   // end for: each needed input byte
                    
                    if( numBinaryBytes > 0 )
                    {
                        encode3to4( b3, 0, numBinaryBytes, buffer, 0 );
                        position = 0;
                        numSigBytes = 4;
                    }   // end if: got data
                    else
                    {
                        return -1;
                    }   // end else
                }   // end if: encoding
                
                // Else decoding
                else
                {
                    byte[] b4 = new byte[4];
                    int i = 0;
                    for( i = 0; i < 4; i++ )
                    {
                        // Read four "meaningful" bytes:
                        int b = 0;
                        do{ b = in.read(); }
                        while( b >= 0 && DECODABET[ b & 0x7f ] <= WHITE_SPACE_ENC );
                        
                        if( b < 0 )
                            break; // Reads a -1 if end of stream
                        
                        b4[i] = (byte)b;
                    }   // end for: each needed input byte
                    
                    if( i == 4 )
                    {
                        numSigBytes = decode4to3( b4, 0, buffer, 0 );
                        position = 0;
                    }   // end if: got four characters
                    else if( i == 0 ){
                        return -1;
                    }   // end else if: also padded correctly
                    else
                    {
                        // Must have broken out from above.
                        throw new java.io.IOException( "Improperly padded Base64 input." );
                    }   // end 
                    
                }   // end else: decode
            }   // end else: get data
            
            // Got data?
            if( position >= 0 )
            {
                // End of relevant data?
                if( /*!encode &&*/ position >= numSigBytes )
                    return -1;
                
                if( encode && breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
                {
                    lineLength = 0;
                    return '\n';
                }   // end if
                else
                {
                    lineLength++;   // This isn't important when decoding
                                    // but throwing an extra "if" seems
                                    // just as wasteful.
                    
                    int b = buffer[ position++ ];

                    if( position >= bufferLength )
                        position = -1;

                    return b & 0xFF; // This is how you "cast" a byte that's
                                     // intended to be unsigned.
                }   // end else
            }   // end if: position >= 0
            
            // Else error
            else
            {   
                // When JDK1.4 is more accepted, use an assertion here.
                throw new java.io.IOException( "Error in Base64 code reading stream." );
            }   // end else
        }   // end read
        
        
        /**
         * Calls {@link #read} repeatedly until the end of stream
         * is reached or <var>len</var> bytes are read.
         * Returns number of bytes read into array or -1 if
         * end of stream is encountered.
         *
         * @param dest array to hold values
         * @param off offset for array
         * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
         * @return bytes read into array or -1 if end of stream is encountered.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public int read( byte[] dest, int off, int len ) throws java.io.IOException
        {
            int i;
            int b;
            for( i = 0; i < len; i++ )
            {
                b = read();
                
                //if( b < 0 && i == 0 )
                //    return -1;
                
                if( b >= 0 )
                    dest[off + i] = (byte)b;
                else if( i == 0 )
                    return -1;
                else
                    break; // Out of 'for' loop
            }   // end for: each byte read
            return i;
        }   // end read
        
    }   // end inner class InputStream
    
    
    
    
    
    
    /* ********  I N N E R   C L A S S   O U T P U T S T R E A M  ******** */
    
    
    
    /**
     * A {@link Base64#OutputStream} will write data to another
     * {@link java.io.OutputStream}, given in the constructor,
     * and encode/decode to/from Base64 notation on the fly.
     *
     * @see Base64
     * @see java.io.FilterOutputStream
     * @since 1.3
     */
    public static class OutputStream extends java.io.FilterOutputStream
    {
        private boolean encode;
        private int     position;
        private byte[]  buffer;
        private int     bufferLength;
        private int     lineLength;
        private boolean breakLines;
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#OutputStream} in ENCODE mode.
         *
         * @param out the {@link java.io.OutputStream} to which data will be written.
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public OutputStream( java.io.OutputStream out )
        {   
            this( out, Base64.ENCODE );
        }   // end constructor
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#OutputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param out the {@link java.io.OutputStream} to which data will be written.
         * @param encode Conversion direction
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public OutputStream( java.io.OutputStream out, boolean encode )
        {
            this( out, encode, true );
        }   // end constructor
        
        
        /**
         * Constructs a {@link Base64#OutputStream} in
         * either ENCODE or DECODE mode.
         *
         * @param out the {@link java.io.OutputStream} to which data will be written.
         * @param encode Conversion direction
         * @param breakLines Break lines to be less than 80 characters.
         * @see Base64#ENCODE
         * @see Base64#DECODE
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public OutputStream( java.io.OutputStream out, boolean encode, boolean breakLines )
        {   
            super( out );
            this.breakLines   = breakLines;
            this.encode       = encode;
            this.bufferLength = encode ? 3 : 4;
            this.buffer       = new byte[ bufferLength ];
            this.position     = 0;
            this.lineLength   = 0;
        }   // end constructor
        
        
        /**
         * Writes the byte to the output stream after
         * converting to/from Base64 notation.
         * When encoding, bytes are buffered three
         * at a time before the output stream actually
         * gets a write() call.
         * When decoding, bytes are buffered four
         * at a time.
         *
         * @param theByte the byte to write
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void write(int theByte) throws java.io.IOException 
        {
            if( encode )
            {
                buffer[ position++ ] = (byte)theByte;
                if( position >= bufferLength )  // Enough to encode.
                {   
                    out.write( Base64.encode3to4( buffer, bufferLength ) );
                    
                    lineLength += 4;
                    if( breakLines && lineLength >= MAX_LINE_LENGTH )
                    {
                        out.write( NEW_LINE );
                        lineLength = 0;
                    }   // end if: end of line
                    
                    position = 0;
                }   // end if: enough to output
            }   // end if: encoding
            
            // Else, Decoding
            else 
            {
                // Meaningful Base64 character?
                if( DECODABET[ theByte & 0x7f ] > WHITE_SPACE_ENC )
                {
                    buffer[ position++ ] = (byte)theByte;
                    if( position >= bufferLength )  // Enough to output.
                    {   
                        out.write( Base64.decode4to3( buffer ) );
                        position = 0;
                    }   // end if: enough to output
                }   // end if: meaningful base64 character
                else if( DECODABET[ theByte & 0x7f ] != WHITE_SPACE_ENC )
                {
                    throw new java.io.IOException( "Invalid character in Base64 data." );
                }   // end else: not white space either
            }   // end else: decoding
        }   // end write
        
        
        
        /**
         * Calls {@link #write} repeatedly until <var>len</var> 
         * bytes are written.
         *
         * @param theBytes array from which to read bytes
         * @param off offset for array
         * @param len max number of bytes to read into array
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void write( byte[] theBytes, int off, int len ) throws java.io.IOException
        {
            for( int i = 0; i < len; i++ )
            {
                write( theBytes[ off + i ] );
            }   // end for: each byte written
            
        }   // end write
        
        
        /**
         * Appropriately pads Base64 notation when encoding
         * or throws an exception if Base64 input is not
         * properly padded when decoding.
         *
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void flush() throws java.io.IOException
        {
            super.flush();
            
            if( position > 0 )
            {
                if( encode )
                {
                    out.write( Base64.encode3to4( buffer, position ) );
                    position = 0;
                }   // end if: encoding
                else
                {   
                    throw new java.io.IOException( "Base64 input not properly padded." );
                }   // end else: decoding
            }   // end if: buffer partially full
            
            out.flush();
        }   // end flush
        
        
        /** 
         * Flushes and closes (I think, in the superclass) the stream. 
         *
         * @since 1.3
         */
        public void close() throws java.io.IOException
        {
            super.close();
            //this.flush();
            
            out.close();
            
            buffer = null;
            out    = null;
        }   // end close
        
    }   // end inner class OutputStream
    
    
}   // end class Base64
